Menstrual Disorders

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NORMAL MENSES: For a woman to have regular menstrual cycles, her hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and uterus should all be functioning normally. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH and LH cause the ovaries to produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen and progesterone are responsible for the cyclical changes in the endometrium (uterine lining), including menstruation. In addition, a woman’s genital tract should be free of any abnormalities to allow the passage of menstrual blood.

Menstrual disorders include:

Painful menses (dysmenorrhea)

Heavy bleeding(Menorrhagia)

Absence of menses(Amenorrhea)

Late menses (more than 35 days between menses) (Oligomenorrhea)

Bleeding between two menses (Metrorrhagia)

More than half of all girls and women suffer from dysmenorrhea (cramps), a dull or throbbing pain that usually centers in the lower mid-abdomen, radiating towards the lower back or thighs. Menstruating women of any age can experience cramps.While the pain may be only mild for some women, others experience severe discomfort that cansignificantly interfere with everyday activities for several days each month.

Causes and symptoms

Dysmenorrhea is called "primary" when there is no specific abnormality, and "secondary" whenthe pain is caused by an underlying gynecological problem. It is believed that primary dysmenorrhea occurs when hormone like called”prostaglandins” produced by uterine tissue trigger strong muscle contractions in the uterus during menstruation. However, thelevel of prostaglandins does not seem to have anything to do with how strong a woman's cramps are. Some women have high levels of prostaglandins and no cramps, whereas other women withlow levels have severe cramps. This is why experts assume that cramps must also be related to other things (such as genetics, stress, and different body types) in addition to prostaglandins.The first year or two of a girl's periods are not usually very painful. However, once ovulationbegins, the blood levels of the prostaglandins rise, leading to stronger contractions.

Secondary dysmenorrhea may be caused by endometriosis, fibroid tumors, or an infection in the pelvis.

Homoeopathic management of  Dysmenorrhea in our clinic

Dysmenorrhea or painful menses can be managed by wide variety of medicines available in homoeopathic store. A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions about 294 medicines for Dysmenorrhea/ painful menses.

IN OUR CLINIC WE REPERTORISE THE PATIENT’S TOTALITY OF SYMPTOMS CONSIDERING ALL ASPECT INCLUDING HER LIFE STYLE, FOOD HABITS, PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS WHICH ALL CONTRIBUTE TO PAINFUL MENSES.

Heavy bleeding (menorrhagia) OR hematomunia includes prolonged menstrual periods or excessive bleeding. The signs of menorrhagia are heavy or prolonged vaginal bleeding. Excessively heavy bleeding is defined as when a woman soaks through her sanitary products (i.e., her tampon or pad) enough to require changing them every hour. Bleeding is considered prolonged when a period lasts longer than seven days. Other symptoms of menorrhagia include spotting or bleeding between menstrual periods and spotting or bleeding during pregnancy. Anemia, a condition is which the body does not have enough red blood cells and the individual feels weak or tired, may also be a symptom of menorrhagia.  Menorrhagia occurs occasionally during the reproductive YEARS OF MOST WOMEN’S lives. If the condition becomes chronic, anemia from recurrent excessive BLOOD LOSS MAY result.  Abnormal bleeding after menopause always warrants investigation TO rule OUT MALIGNANCY.  MENORRHAGIA IS a relatively common complication of benign uterine fibromyomata; it may be so severe or intractable as to require hysterectomy. menorrhagia IS Also CALLED HYPERMENORRHEA.

There are many possible causes of heavy menstrual bleeding. They include:

·         Hormonal imbalance, particularly in estrogen and progesterone; this is most common in adolescents who recently began their periods and women who are getting close to menopause. Hormonal imbalance may also occur if there is a problem in the function of the ovaries.

·         Fibroids or noncancerous tumors of the uterus; fibroids typically occur during childbearing years.

·         Miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy -- the implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterus, such as in the fallopian tube

·         Use of blood thinners

·         Problems with a non-hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) used for birth control

·         Adenomyosis, a condition in which the glands from the lining of the uterus become imbedded in the muscular wall of the uterus; this is most likely to occur in middle-aged women who have had several children.

·         Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and other organs of the reproductive system

·         Uterine, ovarian, and cervical cancer; these are rare but possible causes of heavy menstrual bleeding.

Other medical conditions that can prevent normal blood clotting, including liver, kidney, or thyroid disease, and bleeding or platelet disorders

Homoeopathic management of menorrhagia in our clinic

Heavy bleeding (menorrhagia) or hematomunia can be managed by variety of medicines available. A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions about 355 medicines for MENORRHAGIA OR COPIOUS MENSES.

IN OUR CLINIC WE REPERTORISE THE PATIENT’S TOTALITY OF SYMPTOMSCONSIDERING ALL ASPECT INCLUDING HER LIFE STYLE, FOOD HABITS, PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS WHICH ALL CONTRIBUTE TO MENORRHAGIA.

Absence of menstruation (amenorrhea).
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation — one or more missed menstrual periods. Women who have missed at least three menstrual periods in a row have amenorrhea, as do girls who haven't begun menstruation by age 15. Primary amenorrhea is considered when a girl does not begin to menstruate by the age of 16. Secondary amenorrhea occurs when periods that were previously regular stop for at least 3 months. The main sign of amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods.

Natural amenorrhea

During the normal course of your life, you may experience amenorrhea for natural reasons, such as:

• Pregnancy

• Breast-feeding

• Menopause

FIVE MAIN CAUSES OF AMENORRHEA

1.       Contraceptives

Some women who take birth control pills may not have periods. Even after stopping oral contraceptives, it may take some time before regular ovulation and menstruation return. Contraceptives that are injected or implanted also may cause amenorrhea, as can some types of intrauterine devices.

2.      Medications

Certain medications can cause menstrual periods to stop, including some types of:

1. Antipsychotics

2. Cancer chemotherapy

3. Antidepressants

4. Blood pressure drugs

5. Allergy medications

3.      Lifestyle factors

Sometimes lifestyle factors contribute to amenorrhea, for instance:

Low body weight. Excessively low body weight — about 10 percent under normal weight — interrupts many hormonal functions in your body, potentially halting ovulation. Women who have an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, often stop having periods because of these abnormal hormonal changes.

Excessive exercise. Women who participate in activities that require rigorous training, such as ballet, may find their menstrual cycles interrupted. Several factors combine to contribute to the loss of periods in athletes, including low body fat, stress and high energy expenditure.

Stress. Mental stress can temporarily alter the functioning of your hypothalamus — an area of your brain that controls the hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle. Ovulation and menstruation may stop as a result. Regular menstrual periods usually resume after your stress decreases.

4.      Hormonal imbalance

Many types of medical problems can cause hormonal imbalance, including:

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS causes relatively high and sustained levels of hormones, rather than the fluctuating levels seen in the normal menstrual cycle.

Thyroid malfunction. An overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) or underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) can cause menstrual irregularities, including amenorrhea.

Pituitary tumor. A noncancerous (benign) tumor in your pituitary gland can interfere with the hormonal regulation of menstruation.

Premature menopause. Menopause usually begins around age 50. But, for some women, the ovarian supply of eggs diminishes before age 40 and menstruation stops.

5.      Structural problems

Problems with the sexual organs themselves also can cause amenorrhea. Examples include:

Uterine scarring. Asherman's syndrome, a condition in which scar tissue builds up in the lining of the uterus, can sometimes occur after a dilation and curettage (D&C), cesarean section or treatment for uterine fibroids. Uterine scarring prevents the normal buildup and shedding of the uterine lining.

Lack of reproductive organs. Sometimes problems arise during fetal development that lead to a girl being born without some major part of her reproductive system, such as her uterus, cervix or vagina. Because her reproductive system didn't develop normally, she can't have menstrual cycles.

Structural abnormality of the vagina. An obstruction of the vagina may prevent visible menstrual bleeding. A membrane or wall may be present in the vagina that blocks the outflow of blood from the uterus and cervix.

Depending on the cause of amenorrhea, you might experience other signs or symptoms along with the absence of periods, such as:

• Milky nipple discharge

• Hair loss

• Headache

• Vision changes

• Excess facial hair

• Pelvic pain

• Acne

Homoeopathic management of  Amenorrhea
In our clinic

Amenorrhea which is not caused due to Structural problems of genitalia can be managed by homoeopathy. A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions about 197 medicines for amenorrhea.

IN OUR CLINIC WE REPERTORISE THE PATIENT’S TOTALITY OF SYMPTOMS FOR THE TREATMENT OF AMENORRHEA.

Light or infrequent menstruation (oligomenorrhea) refers to menstrual periods that occur more than 35 days apart. It usually is not a cause for concern, except if periods occur more than 3 months apart. Oligomenorrhea is the term for by light or infrequent menstrual periods. It occurs in women of childbearing age. Some variation in menstruation is normal. A woman who regularly goes more than 35 days without menstruating may be diagnosed with oligomenorrhea. With  oligomenorrhea,  menstrual periods  occur  at  intervals  of  greater  than  35 days,  with only four to nine periods in a year. Oligomenorrhea can be redefined as amenorrhea if menstruation stops for six months or more; however, there is no universally agreed-upon cutoff point or timeline.
Causes of oligomenorrhea
It is quite common for women at the beginning and end of their reproductive lives to miss periods or have them at irregular intervals. This variation is normal and is usually the result of imperfect coordination between the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the ovaries. For no apparent reason, a few women menstruate (with ovulation occurring) on a regular schedule as infrequently as once every two months. For them that schedule is normal and not a cause for concern.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are also likely to suffer from oligomenorrhea. Women with PCOS show menstrual irregularities that range from oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea to very heavy and irregular periods. PCOS affects about 6 percent of premenopausal women and is related to excess androgen production.

• emotional stress

• chronic illness

• poor nutritional status

• such eating disorders as anorexia nervosa

• excessive exercise

• estrogen-secreting tumors

• Abnormalities in the structure of the uterus or cervix that obstruct the outflow of menstrual fluid

• illicit use of anabolic steroid drugs to enhance athletic performance

• menstrual periods at intervals of more than 35 days

• unusually light menstrual flow

• irregular menstrual periods with unpredictable flow

• difficulty conceiving

Homoeopathic management of oligomenorrhea in our clinic

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions about 216 medicines for Oligomenorrhea. Oligomenorrhea in the SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions even number of days of delayed menses. For example Menses delayed by eight days has four remedies, seven days has nine remedies and fourteen days has four remedies etc. Different variants of delayed menses and their remedies are mentioned in the repertory. In our clinic we manage Oligomenorrhea considering totality of all symptoms of the patient and their food habits, life style, psychological set up which all contribute to  Oligomenorrhea.

Bleeding between two menses (Metrorrhagia; metro = womb, -rrhagia = excessive flow is uterine bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between the expected menstrual periods Metrorrhagia can be defined as 'off schedule' bleeding.  Bleeding from the uterus that is not due to menstruation; are indicative of disease. Metrorrhagia may be a sign of an underlying disorder, such as hormone imbalance, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids or, less commonly, cancer of the uterus. Metrorrhagia may cause significant anemia. See also: Menometrorrhagia; Menorrhagia. There are many reasons why women may have metrorrhagia. They are:

• hormone imbalance (the imbalance is sometimes caused by improper use of hormone medicine, such as birth control pills)

• polyps, which are growths on the cervix (the opening of the uterus) or inside the uterus; polyps are usually noncancerous

• fibroids, which are noncancerous growths in the uterus

• infection or inflammation of the uterus, cervix, or vagina

• erosion of the cervix (loss of the surface skin of the cervix)

• use of an IUD (intrauterine device) or birth control pills

• endometriosis (uterine tissue growing outside the uterus)

• adhesions (scar tissue) inside the uterus

• dry vaginal walls from decreased estrogen after menopause

• chronic medical problems (for example, thyroid problems, diabetes, and blood-clotting problems)

• some medicines, such as blood thinners

• stress

• cancer of the cervix or other parts of the uterus and vagina.

Abnormal vaginal bleeding in women who are ovulating regularly most commonly involves excessive, frequent, irregular, or decreased bleeding. There are many causes of abnormal vaginal bleeding that are associated with irregular ovulation

Normal vaginal bleeding is the periodic blood that flows as a discharge from the woman's uterus. Normal vaginal bleeding is also called menorrhea. The process by which menorrhea occurs is called menstruation

Homoeopathic management of   Metrorrhagia in our clinic

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions about 219 medicines for METRORRHAGIA. In our clinic we manage METRORRHAGIA considering TOTALITY OF SYMPTOMS of the patient and their food habits, life style, psychological set up which all contribute to METRORRHAGIA.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Also called premenstrual tension (PMT) is a collection of emotional symptoms, with or without physical symptoms, Premenstrual syndrome, commonly called PMS, is a medical condition that has symptoms that affect many women of childbearing age.

 Symptoms

Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of symptoms that start one to two weeks before your period. Most women have at least some symptoms of PMS, and the symptoms go away after their periods start. Common PMS symptoms include

• Breast swelling and tenderness

• Acne

• Bloating and weight gain

• Pain - headache or joint pain

• Food cravings

• Irritability, mood swings, crying spells, depression

In short Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a wide variety of symptoms, including mood swings, tender breasts, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression before their menses appear. It's estimated that as many as 3 of every 4 menstruating women have experienced some form of premenstrual syndrome.

Homoeopathic management of Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS in our clinic

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions many combination of symptoms of pms which can be combined according individual variations. For example breast swelling and tenderness has about 57 remedies, face eruption acne (pimples) has 152 remedies,  head ache before menses has 102 remedies, Pain joints has about 155 remedies. Much variety of symptoms of food craving, depression and mood swings are written in the repertory which can be decided according to patient’s requirement.

COMMON STOMACH, ABDOMEN AND BLADDER PROBLEMS.

Here we discuss some of the common problems of women for stomach, abdomen and bladder problems of women.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine (colon). Irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, is a disorder of the intestine that carries no structural lesions or pathophysiological explanations. Irritable bowel syndrome commonly presents with following symptoms:

• Abdominal pain or cramping

• A bloated feeling

• Gas

• Diarrhea or constipation — sometimes alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea

• Mucus in the stool

Fewer than 1 in 5 who have symptoms seek medical help

Homoeopathic management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in our clinic

Homeopathic book called synthesis mentions about abdomen pain in chapter abdomen. We will discuss what is mentioned in the book and its number of remedies.

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“ABDOMEN – PAIN” has 321 remedies   “ABDOMEN - PAIN – cramping” has 383 remedies

Homeopathic book called synthesis mentions about fullness/ bloated feeling of abdomen in chapter abdomen. We will discuss what is mentioned in the book and its number of remedies.

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“ABDOMEN - FULLNESS, sensation of” has about 190 remedies

SYNTHESIS REPERTORY A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK mentions about 425medicines for constipation.

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“RECTUM – DIARRHEA” has about 578 remedies

Diarrhea in its variant with time modality is given in detail in synthesis. Diarrhea in each part of the day –morning, noon, forenoon, evening and night is given with its corresponding remedies are mentioned in the book. Even type of stool-including colours, offensiveness is given along with its medicine are given.

Homeopathic book called synthesis mentions about mucus in stool in chapter stool.

“STOOL – MUCOUS” has about 190 remedies.

In our clinic we manage Irritable bowel syndrome /IBS is managed considering TOTALITY OF SYMPTOMS of the patient and their food habits, life style, psychological set up which all contribute to IBS.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) OR Acute cystitis or bladder infection

UTI or urinary tract infection is a condition that is a very common condition in people – especially women. A urinary tract infection (UTI) (also known as acute cystitis or bladder infection) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract. Symptoms of UTIs

Are following symptoms:

• A burning feeling when you urinate

• A frequent or intense urge to urinate, even though little comes out when you do

• Pain or pressure in your back or lower abdomen

• Cloudy, dark, bloody, or strange-smelling urine. Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — a sign of blood in the urine

• Feeling tired or shaky

• Fever or chills (a sign the infection may have reached your kidney

• Pelvic pain, in women

• Rectal pain, in men

When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a simple cystitis (a bladder infection) and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as pyelonephritis (a kidney infection). When it affects urethra it is known as urethritis.

Bladder infection = Cystitis

Urethra infection = Urethritis

Cystitis (a bladder infection)

Symptoms from a lower urinary tract include

Urethritis (Urethra infection)

Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra. That's the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. Pain with urination is the main symptom of urethritis. Urethritis is commonly due to infection by bacteria. Most episodes of urethritis are caused by infection by bacteria that enter the urethra from the skin around the urethra's opening.  This type of UTI can occur when GI bacteria spread from the anus to the urethra. Also, because the female urethra is close to the vagina, sexually transmitted infections, such as herpes, gonorrhea and Chlamydia, can cause urethritis.

Pyelonephritis (a kidney infection) symptoms of pyelonephritis           include

·         fever and

·         Abdomen pain in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI i.e. painful urination and either frequent urination or urge to urinate (or both).

·         In some cases, a painful burning sensation in the urethra may be present even when not urinating. In the elderly and the very young, symptoms may be vague or non-specific.

Types of urinary tract infection

What Causes UTIs in Women

A urinary tract infection occurs when an infectious organism enters your urinary tract – usually through the urethra and causes an infection. The most common UTI causing organisms are those found in your faeces, while these organisms are naturally present in your stomach but when they enter your urinary system they cause an infection.

Common cause of UTI

What makes you susceptible to the infection?

The infection may spread to the urethra through a number of ways, some of them are:

·         Using unclean or common toilets

·         Not washing yourself well after using the toilet

·         Can happen during sex: Women who change sexual partners or begin having sexual intercourse more frequently may experience bladder or urinary tract infections more often than women who are celibate or in monogamous relationships. Although it is rare, some women get a urinary tract infection every time they have sex.

·         A woman is more susceptible to an infection if she is pregnant

·         Have diabetes

·         kidney stones

·         If you do not drink enough water

·         Another cause of bladder infections or UTI is waiting too long to urinate. The bladder is a muscle that stretches to hold urine and contracts when the urine is released. Waiting too long past the time you first feel the need to urinate can cause the bladder to stretch beyond its capacity. Over time, this can weaken the bladder muscle. When the bladder is weakened, it may not empty completely and some urine is left in the bladder. This may increase the risk of urinary tract infections or bladder infections.

Maintain hygiene of the bathroom as well as your body: UTIs are a key reason we're often told to wipe from front to back after using the bathroom. That's because the urethra -- the tube that transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body -- is located close to the anus. Bacteria from the large intestine, such as E. coli, are in the perfect position to escape the anus and invade the urethra. From there, they can travel up to the bladder, and if the infection isn't treated, continue on to infect the kidneys. Women may be especially prone to UTIs because they have shorter urethras, which allow bacteria quick access to the bladder. Having sex can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract, too.

How to Prevent UTI Re-infection

You can prevent getting another UTI with the following tips:

Empty your bladder frequently as soon as you feel the need to go; don't rush, and be sure you've emptied your bladder completely.

Wipe from front to back.

Drink lots of water.

Choose showers over baths.

Stay away from feminine hygiene sprays, scented douches, and scented bath products -- they'll only increase irritation.

Cleanse your genital area before sex.

Urinate after sex to flush away any bacteria that may have entered your urethra.

If you use a diaphragm, unlubricated condoms, or spermicidal jelly for birth control, consider switching to another method. Diaphragms can increase bacteria growth, while unlubricated condoms and spermicides can cause irritation. All can make UTI symptoms more likely.

Homoeopathic management of Urinary tract infection (UTI) in our clinic

Following symptoms of uti with their homoepathic management is given below

·         A burning feeling when you urinate: A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY MENTIONS BURINGIN PAIN WHEN URINATION. The synthesis divides the symptoms into three category pain before, during and after urination.

·         Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

  “URETHRA - PAIN - urination - after - agg. – burning” has got 95 remedies

. “URETHRA - PAIN - urination - during - agg.” has got 44 remedies

  “.URETHRA - PAIN - urination - before – burning” has got 37 remedies

 This book contains other 296 symptoms and its medicines related to pain urinating

·         A frequent urination or intense urge to urinate, even though little comes out when you do

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY MENTIONS ABOUT frequent urination in chapter [urinary] baldder.

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“BLADDER - URINATION – frequent” has 290 remedies.

“BLADDER - URINATION - urging to urinate – frequent” has about 232 remedies.            This book contains other 95 other symptoms and its medicines related to frequent urination.

·         Pain or pressure in your back or lower abdomen

5494 symptoms are found related to pain in abdomen found in A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY .We discuss only important ones with their number of medicines.

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“ABDOMEN - DISTENSION – painful" has about 60 remedies.

“BACK – PAIN” has 312 remedies.

·         Cloudy, dark, bloody, or strange-smelling urine. Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — a sign of blood in the urine. IN HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY DIFFERENT COLOURS OF URINE IS GIVEN IN CHAPTER URINE. SOME WITH NUMBER OF MEDICINES ARE GIVEN BELOW.

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“URINE – CLOUDY” has 202 medicines

             “URINE – BLOODY” has 166 medicines

The synthesis mentions different odor eg: sulphur like ,fishy order etc with their medicines are given.

·         Fever or chills (a sign the infection may have reached your kidney): IN A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY 1370 symptoms are related to fever alone. whole chapter IS DIDICATED TO FEVER.FEVER IN ITS VARIANTS ARE GIVEN FEVER CHAPTER.

In our clinic we manage UTI considering TOTALITY OF SYMPTOMS of the patient and their food habits, life style, psychological set up which all contribute to URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.

Home remedies you can try

This is one of the most effective and quick home remedies to treat UTI. All you need to do is take a spoon of barley seeds (you can buy this in a medical store or your local store) and add it to about three liters of water. Now boil this water continuously for about thirty minutes to one hour. The water will turn a pinkish hue and the seeds will look puffed up and cooked. Now allow the water to cool to room temperature and sieve out the water.  Next, add the juice of one lemon, a little sugar and salt to the water. Pour this mixture into bottles and drink this water every 15 to 20 minutes. This mixture acts as a potent diuretic that helps flush out the toxins from the body. The lemon, sugar and salt help replenish essential electrolytes one loosed due to the illness and the water helps rehydrate and clear out the infection.

Increasing fluid intake: This may work by washing out organisms in the tract, making it more difficult for pathogens to adhere or stay in close proximity to human cells.

Not delaying in emptying the bladder (urination): This has the same effects of increasing fluid intake and helps the bladder reduce the number of pathogens that may reach the bladder.

Eating pineapple: Pineapple contains bromelain that has anti-inflammatory properties that may reduce UTI symptoms.

Taking vitamin C: Vitamin C may function to increase urine acidity to reduce bacterial growth.

Using other methods: buttermilk has had people claim effectiveness in treating UTIs, but the mechanisms are not clear.

Gall stone /cholelithiasis

The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits just under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. After meals, the gallbladder is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before a meal, the gallbladder may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear.

In response to signals, the gallbladder squeezes stored bile into the small intestine through a series of tubes called ducts. Bile helps digest fats, but the gallbladder itself is not essential. Removing the gallbladder in an otherwise healthy individual typically causes no observable problems with health or digestion yet there may be a small risk of diarrhea and fat malabsorption.

A gallstone (also called cholelithiasis) is a crystalline concretion formed within the gallbladder by accretion of bile components. Gallstones are pieces of solid material that form in the gallbladder. These stones develop because cholesterol and pigments in bile sometimes form hard particles.

The two main types of gallstones are:

·         Cholesterol stones: Usually yellow-green in color, approximately 80% of gallstones are cholesterol stones.

·         Pigment stones: These stones are smaller and darker and are made up of bilirubin.

 These calculi are formed in the gallbladder but may distally pass into other parts of the biliary tract such as the cystic duct, common bile duct, pancreatic duct or the ampulla of Vater.

Several factors may come together to create gallstones, including:

·         Genetics

·         Body weight

·         Decreased motility (movement) of the gallbladder

·         Diet

Gallstones can form when there is an imbalance in the substances that make up bile. For instance, cholesterol stones may develop as a result of too much cholesterol in the bile. Another cause may be the inability of the gallbladder to empty properly.

Pigment stones are more common in people with certain medical conditions, such as cirrhosis (a liver disease in which scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue) or blood diseases such as sickle cell anemia.

Gallstones often don't cause symptoms. Those that don't are called "silent stones." A person usually learns he or she has gallstones while being examined for another illness.

When symptoms do appear, they may include:

·         Pain in the upper abdomen and upper back; the pain may last for several hours.

·         Nausea

·         Vomiting

·         Other gastrointestinal problems, including bloating, indigestion and heartburn, and gas
 

If your doctor suspects you have gallstones, he or she will do a physical exam and may perform various other tests, including the following:

·         Blood tests: Blood tests may be given to check for signs of infection or obstruction and/or to rule out other conditions.

·         Ultrasound: This procedure produces images of various parts of the body and can be used to identify gallstones.

·         CAT scan: This test uses specialized X-rays to create cross-section images of organs and body tissues.

·         Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): This test uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to get pictures of structures inside the body, including the liver and the gallbladder.

·         Cholescintigraphy (HIDA scan): This test can determine whether the gallbladder is contracting correctly. A radioactive material is injected into the patient and makes its way to the gallbladder. The technician can then observe the movement of the gallbladder.

·         Endoscopic ultrasound: This test combines ultrasound and endoscopy to look for gallstones.

Homoeopathic management of gall stone in our clinic

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions about gall stone in chapter abdomen.

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“ABDOMEN – GALLSTONES” has about 60 remedies

In our clinic we manage UTI considering TOTALITY OF SYMPTOMS of the patient and their food habits, life style, psychological set up which all contribute to URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (or disorder) (PID) is a term for inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries as it progresses to scar formation with adhesions to nearby tissues and organs. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Many women who develop pelvic inflammatory disease either experience no signs or symptoms or don't seek treatment. Pelvic inflammatory disease may be detected only later when you have trouble getting pregnant or if you develop chronic pelvic pain.

PID is a vague term and can refer to viral, fungal, parasitic, though most often bacterial infections. PID should be classified by affected organs, the stage of the infection, and the organism(s) causing it. Although a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is often the cause, many other routes are possible, including lymphatic, postpartum, postabortal (either miscarriage or abortion) or intrauterine device (IUD) related, and hematogenous spread.

Signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease may include:

·         Pain in your lower abdomen and pelvis

·         Heavy vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor

·         Irregular menstrual bleeding

·         Pain during intercourse

·         Fever

PID may cause only minor signs and symptoms or none at all. PID with mild or no symptoms is especially common when the infection is due to Chlamydia.

When to see a doctor?

Go to the emergency room if you experience the following severe signs and symptoms of PID:

Severe pain low in your abdomen

Vomiting

Signs of shock, such as fainting

Fever, with a temperature higher than 101 F (38.3 C)

Vaginal discharge with an odor, painful urination or bleeding between menstrual cycles can be associated with a sexually transmitted infection (STI). If these signs and symptoms appear, stop having sex and see your doctor soon. Prompt treatment of an STI can help prevent PID.

Causes of PID

Pelvic inflammatory disease can be caused by a number of bacteria but are most often caused by gonorrhea or Chlamydia infections. These bacteria are usually acquired during unprotected sex.

Less commonly, bacteria may enter your reproductive tract anytime the normal barrier created by the cervix is disturbed. This can happen after intrauterine device (IUD) insertion, childbirth, miscarriage or abortion.

A number of factors may increase your risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, including:

Being a sexually active woman younger than 25 years old

Having multiple sexual partners

Being in a sexual relationship with a person who has more than one sex partner

Having sex without a condom

Having had an IUD inserted recently

Douching regularly, which upsets the balance of good versus harmful bacteria in the vagina and may mask symptoms that might otherwise cause you to seek early treatment

Homoeopathic management of Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) IN OUR CLINIC

Pelvic Inflammatory disease can be treated by homeopathic medicines. In acute cases it takes few weeks and in chronic PID cases it needs few months of continuous course of medicines to totally get rid off . Homeopathic book called synthesis mentions about pelvic pain in chapter abdomen. We will discuss what is mentioned in the book and its number of remedies. Many Symptoms related to pelvic is mentioned in the textbook. Some important ones are given below

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“ABDOMEN - ABSCESS – Pelvis” has about 6 remedies

“ABDOMEN - COMPLAINTS of abdomen - Pelvic organs” has two remedies

“ABDOMEN - COMPLAINTS of abdomen – Pelvis” has one remedy

“ABDOMEN - CONGESTION – Pelvis” has 6 remedies

“ABDOMEN - CONSCIOUS of the abdomen – Pelvis” has one remedy

“ABDOMEN - INJURY - Pelvic organs” has about one remedy

“ABDOMEN - CONSTRICTION - Inguinal region - extending around pelvis” has about one remedy

“ABDOMEN - HEAVINESS - Pelvic region” has about seven remedies

Note that pelvic problem is not due to injury which requires surgical correction.

In our clinic we manage PID considering TOTALITY OF SYMPTOMS of the patient including their food habits, life style, psychological set up which all contribute to PID.

Interstitial cystitis also called painful bladder syndrome is a chronic condition in which you experience bladder pressure, bladder pain and sometimes pelvic pain, ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain. Your bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine. The bladder expands until it's full and then signals your brain that it's time to urinate, communicating through the pelvic nerves. This creates the urge to urinate for most people. With interstitial cystitis, these signals get mixed up — you feel the need to urinate more often and with smaller volumes of urine than most people.

The signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis vary from person to person. If you have interstitial cystitis, your symptoms may also vary over time, periodically flaring in response to common triggers, such as menstruation, sitting for a long time, stress, exercise and sexual activity.

Interstitial cystitis signs and symptoms include:

·         Pain in your pelvis or between the vagina and anus in women or between the scrotum and anus in men (perineum).

·         Chronic pelvic pain.

·         A persistent, urgent need to urinate. Frequent urination, often of small amounts, throughout the day and night. People with severe interstitial cystitis may urinate as often as 60 times a day.

·         Pain or discomfort while the bladder fills and relief after urinating.

·         Pain during sexual intercourse.

The severity of symptoms caused by interstitial cystitis often varies, and some people may experience periods during which symptoms disappear.

Homoeopathic management of Interstitial cystitis — also called painful bladder syndrome

·         A frequent urination or intense urge to urinate, even though little comes out when you do

THE HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY MENTIONS ABOUT frequent urination in chapter [urinary] baldder.

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“BLADDER - URINATION – frequent” has 290 remedies.

“BLADDER - URINATION - urging to urinate – frequent” has about 232 remedies.            This book contains other 95 other symptoms and its medicines related to frequent urination.

·         Pain or pressure in your back or lower abdomen

5494 symptoms are found related to pain in abdomen found in A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY .We discuss only important ones with their number of medicines.

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“ABDOMEN - DISTENSION – painful" has about 60 remedies.

“BACK – PAIN” has 312 remedies.

·         Cloudy, dark, bloody, or strange-smelling urine. Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — a sign of blood in the urine. IN HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY DIFFERENT COLOURS OF URINE IS GIVEN IN CHAPTER URINE. SOME WITH NUMBER OF MEDICINES ARE GIVEN BELOW.

Note: what is given in quotation is directly taken from Homoeopathic book synthesis

“URINE – CLOUDY” has 202 medicines

             “URINE – BLOODY” has 166 medicines

      “URINE - ODOR – offensive” has 137 medicine.

·         Pain or discomfort while the bladder fills and relief after urinating

“BLADDER – PAIN” has 131 remedies.

Common problem for female genitalia (External sex organs) and homoeopathic management

Vaginal problems are some of the most common reasons women go to the doctor. They may have symptoms such as

• Itching

• Burning

• Pain

• Abnormal bleeding

• Discharge

Homoeopathic management of vaginal problems

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions many combination of symptoms of vaginal problems facing women.

Itching :

Itching of vagina has 74 remedies in homoeopathic book called synthesis

Burning

Burning of vagina has 87 remedies in synthesis

Pain

Pain in vagina has 38 remedies and Coition painful (discomfort intercourse ) has about 35 remedies

Abnormal bleeding

Discharge

leucorrhea (discharge from vagina) which can be combined according individual variations. leucorrhea, gray has about 7 remedies, leucorrhea yellow has 138 remedies, with fish brine like smell has about 9 remedies.

The six most common types of vaginal infections are:

Candida or "yeast" infections.

Bacterial vaginosis.

Trichomoniasis vaginitis.

Chlamydia vaginitis.

Viral vaginitis.

FIGURE 1 HOMOEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT OF VAGINAL INFECTION IN OUR CLINIC

Vaginitis

"Vaginitis" is a medical term used to describe various conditions that cause infection or inflammation of the vagina. Vulvovaginitis refers to inflammation of both the vagina and vulva (the external female genitals). These conditions can result from a vaginal infection caused by organisms such as bacteria, yeast, or viruses, as well as by irritations from chemicals in creams, sprays, or even clothing that is in contact with this area. In some cases, vaginitis results from infections  that are passed between sexual partners. Common causes are bacterial infections, trichomoniasis, and yeast infections. The symptoms of a vaginal infection can vary depending on what is causing it.

Symptoms of a Vaginal Infection

Some women have no symptoms at all. Some of the more common symptoms of vaginitis include:

·         Abnormal vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor.

·         Burning during urination.

·         Itching around the outside of the vagina.

·         Discomfort during intercourse.

NORMAL VAGINAL FLUID: serves an important housekeeping function in the female reproductive system. Fluid made by glands inside the vagina and cervix carries away dead cells and bacteria. This keeps the vagina clean and helps prevent infection.

A woman's vagina normally produces a discharge that usually is described as clear or slightly cloudy, non-irritating, and odor-free. During the normal menstrual cycle, the amount and consistency of discharge can vary. At one time of the month there may be a small amount of a very thin or watery discharge; and at another time, a more extensive thicker discharge may appear. All of these descriptions could be considered normal.

The following factors can increase the amount of normal vaginal discharge:

·         Feeling stressed

·         Ovulation (the production and release of an egg from your ovary in the middle of your menstrual cycle)

·         Pregnancy

·         Sexual excitement

ABNORMAL VAGINAL DISCHARGE:A vaginal discharge that has an odor or that is irritating usually is considered an abnormal discharge. The irritation might be itching or burning, or both. The itching may be present at any time of the day, but it often is most bothersome at night. These symptoms often are made worse by sexual intercourse. It is important to see your doctor if there has been a change in the amount, color, or smell of the discharge. Any change in the balance of normal bacteria in the vagina can affect the smell, colour, or texture of the discharge. These are a few of the things that can upset that balance:

·         Antibiotic or steroid use

·          Bacterial vaginosis, which is a bacterial infection that’s not sexually transmitted, but more common in women who have multiple sexual partners

·         Birth control pills

·         Cervical cancer

·          Chlamydia or gonorrhoea, which are sexually transmitted infections

·         Diabetes

·         Scented soaps or lotions, bubble bath

·         Pelvic infection after surgery

·         Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

·          Trichomoniasis, which is a parasitic infection typically caused by having unprotected sex

·         Vaginal atrophy, which is thinning and drying out of the vaginal walls during and after the menopause

·          Vaginitis, which is irritation in or around the vagina

Types of Abnormal Discharge and Their Possible Causes

Homoeopathic management of ABNORMAL VAGINAL DISCHARGE IN OUR CLINIC

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions many combination of symptoms of leucorrhea(discharge from vagina )which can be combined according individual variations in smell, color, or discharge texture. leucorrhea(discharge from vagina) alone has 320 remedies.

Candida or "yeast" infections/ Monilia Infection

Yeast infections are not usually transmitted through sexual intercourse and are not considered a sexually transmitted disease.

Homoeopathic management of Candida "yeast" infections

Thick white discharge from vagina can be managed by homoeopathy.  A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions many combination of symptoms of leucorrhea(discharge from vagina )which can be combined according individual variations leucorrhea, white which is a symptom of yeast infection  has about 113 remedies in synthesis repertory.

Bacterial vaginosis. is a mild infection of the vagina caused by bacteria. Normally, there are a lot of "good" bacteria and some "bad" bacteria in the vagina. The good types help control the growth of the bad types. In women with bacterial vaginosis, the balance is upset. There are not enough good bacteria and too many bad bacteria.  Your risk of getting bacterial vaginosis is higher if you:

·         Have more than one sex partner or have a new sex partner.

The most common symptom is a smelly vaginal discharge. It may look grayish white or yellow. A sign of bacterial vaginosis can be a "fishy" smell, which may be worse after sex. About half of women who have bacterial vaginosis do not notice any symptoms.

Homoeopathic management of bacterial vaginosis

Thick grayish white or yellow discharge with fishy smell from vagina can be managed by homoeopathy.  A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions many combination of symptoms of leucorrhea (discharge from vagina ) which can be combined according individual variations. leucorrhea, gray has about 7 remedies with fish brine like smell has about 9 remedies.

Trichomoniasis vaginitis.

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a small organism called Trichomonas vaginalis. Women are most often affected by this disease, although men can become infected and pass the infection to their partners through sexual contact. Trichomoniasis is the most common curable STD in young, sexually active women. An estimated 7.4 million new cases occur each year in women and men.

Men often do not have symptoms of trichomoniasis and usually do not know they are infected until their partners need treatment. But when symptoms do occur, they include:

·         Irritation inside the penis

·         Mild discharge

·         Slight burning after urination or ejaculation

Many women do have signs or symptoms of infection. Symptoms in women can include:

·         Greenish-yellow, frothy vaginal discharge with a strong odor

·         Painful urination

·         Vaginal itching and irritation

·         Discomfort during intercourse

·         Lower abdominal pain (rare)

Homoeopathic management of Trichomoniasis vaginitis

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions many combination of symptoms of leucorrhea (discharge from vagina ) which can be combined according individual variations. leukorrhea, gray has about 7 remedies, leukorrhea yellow has 138 remedies, with fish brine like smell has about 9 remedies. coition painful(discomfort intercourse ) has about 35 remedies. painful urination has about 95 remedies. itching of vagina  has about 74 remedies.

Chlamydia Infection.

In women, chlamydial infection of the lower genital tract occurs in the endocervix. It can cause an odorless, mucoid vaginal discharge, typically with no external pruritus, although many women have minimal or no symptoms. An ascending infection can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

Physical findings of urogenital chlamydial infection in women include cervicitis with a yellow or cloudy mucoid discharge from the os. The cervix tends to bleed easily when rubbed with a polyester swab or scraped with a spatula. Chlamydial infection cannot be distinguished from other urogenital infections by symptoms alone. Clinical microscopy and the amine test (i.e., significant odor release on addition of potassium hydroxide to vaginal secretions) can be used to help differentiate chlamydial infection from other lower genital tract infections such as urinary tract infection, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis.  In addition, chlamydial infection in the lower genital tract does not cause vaginitis; thus, if vaginal findings are present, they usually indicate a different diagnosis or a coinfection.

Some women with C. trachomatis infection develop urethritis; symptoms may consist of dysuria without frequency or urgency. A urethral discharge can be elicited by compressing the urethra during the pelvic examination. Urinalysis usually will show more than five white blood cells per high-powered field, but urethral cultures generally are negative.

Women with chlamydial infection in the lower genital tract may develop an ascending infection that causes acute salpingitis with or without endometritis, also known as PID. Symptoms tend to have a subacute onset and usually develop during menses or in the first two weeks of the menstrual cycle.Symptoms range from absent to severe abdominal pain with high fever and include dyspareunia, prolonged menses, and intramenstrual bleeding. Twenty percent of women who develop PID become infertile, 18 percent develop chronic pelvic pain, and 9 percent have a tubal pregnancy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that physicians maintain a low threshold for diagnosing PID and that empiric treatment be initiated in women at risk of sexually transmitted disease (STD) who have uterine, adnexal, or cervical motion tenderness with no other identifiable cause.

In men, chlamydial infection of the lower genital tract causes urethritis and, on occasion, epididymitis. Urethritis is secondary to C. trachomatis infection in approximately 15 to 55 percent of men, although the prevalence is lower among older men. Symptoms, if present, include a mild to moderate, clear to white urethral discharge. This is best observed in the morning, before the patient voids. To observe the discharge, the penis may need to be milked by applying pressure from the base of the penis to the glans.

The diagnosis of nongonococcal urethritis can be confirmed by the presence of a mucopurulent discharge from the penis, a Gram stain of the discharge with more than five white blood cells per oil-immersion field, and no intracellular gram-negative diplococci.A positive result on a leukocyte esterase test of first-void urine or a microscopic examination of first-void urine showing 10 or more white blood cells per high-powered field also confirms the diagnosis of urethritis.

For diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection in men with suspected urethritis, the nucleic acid amplification technique to detect chlamydial and gonococcal infections is best (see Urogenital Infection in Women).⁴ Empiric treatment should be considered for patients who are at high risk of being lost to follow-up.

Untreated chlamydial infection can spread to the epididymis. Patients usually have unilateral testicular pain with scrotal erythema, tenderness, or swelling over the epididymis. Men 35 years or younger who have epididymitis are more likely to have C. trachomatis as the etiologic agent than are older men.

Homoeopathic management of Chlamydia vaginitis

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions many combination of symptoms of leucorrhea (discharge from vagina ) which can be combined according individual variations. leucorrhea, gray has about 7 remedies, leucorrhea yellow has 138 remedies, with fish brine like smell has about 9 remedies. Coition painful(discomfort intercourse ) has about 35 remedies. Painful urination has about 95 remedies. Itching of vagina  has about 74 remedies.

Viral vaginitis

Viruses are a common cause of vaginitis, with most being spread through sexual contact. One type of virus that causes viral vaginitis is the herpes simplex virus (HSV, or simply herpes) whose primary symptom is pain in the genital area associated with lesions and sores. These sores are generally visible on the vulva, or vagina, but occasionally are inside the vagina and can only be found during a pelvic examination. Often stress or emotional situations can be a factor in triggering an outbreak of herpes. Another source of viral vaginitis is the human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus that is also transmitted through sexual contact. This virus causes painful warts to grow on the vagina, rectum, vulva, or groin. However, visible warts are not always present, in which case, the virus is generally detected by a Pap test.

Homoeopathic management of viral vaginitis

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions many combination of symptoms of leucorrhea (discharge from vagina) which can be combined according individual variations. leucorrhea, gray has about 7 remedies, leucorrhea yellow has 138 remedies, with fish brine like smell has about 9 remedies. Coition painful (discomfort intercourse) has about 35 remedies. Painful urination has about 95 remedies. Itching of vagina has about 74 remedies. Warts in genital has about 18 remedies. Herpes eruption in genital had 13 remedies. Pustular eruption has 11 remedies.

Non-infectious vaginitis

Noninfectious vaginitis usually refers to vaginal irritation without an infection being present. Most often, this is caused by an allergic reaction to, or irritation from, vaginal sprays, douches, or spermicidal products. It may be also be caused by sensitivity to perfumed soaps, detergents, or fabric softeners. Another form of noninfectious vaginitis, called "atrophic vaginitis," usually results from a decrease in hormones because of menopause, surgical removal of the ovaries, radiation therapy, or even after childbirth - particularly in breastfeeding women. Lack of estrogen dries and thins the vaginal tissue, and may also cause spotting.

The following are the most common symptoms of noninfectious vaginitis. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

• vaginal itching

• vaginal burning

• vaginal discharge

• pelvic pain (particularly during intercourse)

Homoeopathic management of Non-infectious vaginitis.

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions many combination of symptoms of leucorrhea (discharge from vagina) which can be combined according individual variations. leucorrhea, gray has about 7 remedies, leucorrhea yellow has 138 remedies, with fish brine like smell has about 9 remedies. Coition painful (discomfort intercourse ) has about 35 remedies. Painful urination has about 95 remedies. Itching of vagina has about 74 remedies. Itching of vagina has 74 remedies. Burning of vagina had 87 remedies.

Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by an infection with bacteria known as Treponema pallidum. Like other STDs, syphilis can be spread by any type of sexual contact. Syphilis can also be spread from an infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy or to the baby at the time of birth. Syphilis has been described for centuries. Today, about 55,000 people in the U.S. get new syphilis infections each year. It can cause long-term damage to different organs if not properly treated.

The bacteria that cause syphilis, Treponema pallidum, are referred to as spirochetes due to their spiral shape. The organisms penetrate into the lining of the mouth or genital area.

Syphilis infection, when untreated, progresses through different clinical stages with characteristic signs and symptoms. After the first infection, symptoms typically develop at around 21 days after the infection, but they may appear anywhere from 10 to 90 days following infection.

Primary syphilis

The first or primary stage of syphilis is characterized by the formation of a painless ulcer known as a chancre. This sore develops at the site of infection and is usually solitary. A chancre is usually firm and round in shape. Sometimes, multiple chancres may be present. The chancre contains the infectious bacteria and while the sore is present, the condition is highly contagious. Any contact with the chancre can spread the infection. If the chancre is located in the mouth, for example, even kissing can spread the disease. The chancre lasts for about 3 to 6 weeks and typically then goes away on its own. The use of condoms may also not prevent spread of the illness if the chancre is located on an area of the body not covered by the condom.

Secondary syphilis

If primary syphilis is left untreated, secondary syphilis may develop. This stage of the illness usually occurs weeks to months after the primary stage. Secondary syphilis is characterized by a skin rash that may also involve sores inside the mouth, vagina, or anus. The rash typically does not itch and is often found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. In other cases, the rash appears on other sites of the body and may be mistaken for rashes caused by other illnesses. In some people, the rash may be mild and not noticed. Raised gray or whitish patches of skin, known as condylomata, may also develop, particularly in warm and moist areas of the body such as the armpits, mouth, or groin.

In secondary syphilis, the infection has spread throughout the body, so other symptoms may be associated with the skin manifestations. Fever, enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, weight loss, hair loss, headaches, and muscle aches have all been reported in the secondary stage of syphilis. These symptoms will eventually subside, but if this secondary stage of the infection is not treated, the infection can progress to tertiary syphilis.

Tertiary syphilis

After the symptoms of secondary syphilis go away, the infection remains latent in the body if untreated. About 15% of infected and untreated people will go on to develop the third stage of syphilis, which can occur as much as 10 to 20 years after the initial infection. Tertiary syphilis is characterized by damage to any number of organ systems and can even be fatal. Tertiary syphilis can cause damage to the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints. Symptoms that can result from the late stage of syphilis include problems with movement, gradual loss of sight, dementia, paralysis, and numbness. Neurosyphilis is the term used to refer to the involvement of the central nervous system and alterations in neurologic function.

Neonatal or congenital syphilis
Untreated syphilis in a pregnant women results in death of the fetus in up to 40% of infected pregnant women (stillbirth or death shortly after birth), so all pregnant women should be tested for syphilis at their first prenatal visit. The screening test is usually repeated in the third trimester of pregnancy as well. If infected babies are born and survive, they are at risk for serious problems including seizures and developmental delays. Fortunately, syphilis in pregnancy is treatable.

Identification of disease

There are two types of tests used to diagnose syphilis: treponemal tests (that identify antibodies to the causative organism) and non-treponemal tests (that identify the body's response to the infection but not to the organism itself).

The blood tests used to screen for syphilis are called the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and Rapid Plasminogen Reagent (RPR) tests. These tests detect the body's response to the infection, but not to the actual Treponema organism. While these are good screening tests, they are not specific enough to establish the diagnosis. These tests can give false-positive results, so a positive screening VDRL or RPR test must be followed by a treponemal test to detect the organism.

Homoeopathic management of SYPHILIS

We manage syphilis in all stages whether it chancre and condylomata can be managed by homoeopathic drugs. A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions 182 remedies for syphilis.

Gonorrhea (also spelled   gonorrhea or gonorrhea   colloquially known as the clap) is a common human sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection that is transmitted by sexual contact. Gonorrhea is one of the oldest known sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Men with gonorrhea may have a yellowish discharge from the penis accompanied by itching and burning.

More than half of women with gonorrhea do not have any symptoms. If symptoms occur, they may include burning or frequent urination, yellowish vaginal discharge, redness and swelling of the genitals, and a burning or itching of the vaginal area. If untreated, gonorrhea can lead to severe pelvic infections and even sterility. Complications in later life can include inflammation of the heart valves, arthritis, and eye infections. Gonorrhea can also cause eye infections in babies born of infected mothers. Gonorrhea is treated with antibiotics. Since it affects both spouses we mention symptoms for both men and women separately

In women, the early symptoms are sometimes so mild that they are mistaken for a bladder infection or vaginal infection. Symptoms may include:

·         Painful or frequent urination.

·         Anal itching, discomfort, bleeding, or discharge.

·         Abnormal vaginal discharge.

·         Abnormal vaginal bleeding during or aftersex or between periods.

·         Genital itching.

·         Irregular menstrual bleeding.

·         Lower abdominal (belly) pain.

·         Fever and general tiredness.

·         Swollen and painful glands at the opening of the vagina (Bartholin glands).

·         Painful sexual intercourse.

·         Sore throat (rare).

·         Pinkeye (conjunctivitis) (rare).

In men, symptoms are usually obvious enough that they will cause a man to seek medical treatment before complications occur. But some men have mild or no symptoms and can unknowingly transmit gonorrhea infections to their sex partners. Symptoms may include:

·         Abnormal discharge from the penis (clear or milky at first, and then yellow, creamy, and excessive, sometimes blood-tinged).

·         Painful or frequent urination or urethritis.

·         Anal itching, discomfort, bleeding, or discharge.

·         Sore throat (rare).

·         Pinkeye (conjunctivitis) (rare).

Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) occurs when the gonorrhea infection spreads to sites other than the genitals, such as the joints, skin, heart, or blood. Symptoms of DGI include:

• Rash

• Joint pain or arthritis.

• Inflamed tendons.

Homoeopathic management of Gonorrhea

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions many combination of symptoms of leucorrhea (discharge from vagina) which can be combined according individual variations. Leucorrhea, gray has about 7 remedies, leucorrhea yellow has 138 remedies, and with fish brine like smell has about 9 remedies. Coition painful (discomfort sexual intercourse) has about 35 remedies. Painful urination has about 95 remedies. Itching of vagina has about 74 remedies. Warts in genital have about 18 remedies. Herpes eruption in genital had 13 remedies. Pustular eruption has 11 remedies.

The uterus, or womb, is the place where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. The first sign of a problem with the uterus may be bleeding between periods or after sex. Causes can include hormones, thyroid problems, fibroids, polyps, cancer, infection, or pregnancy. Treatment depends on the cause. If a thyroid problem is the cause, treating it may also stop the bleeding. If you have cancer or hyperplasia, an overgrowth of normal cells in the uterus, you may need surgery. With two other uterine problems, tissue that normally lines the uterus grows where it is not supposed to. In endometriosis, it grows outside the uterus. In adenomyosis, it grows in the uterus's outside walls. Pain medicine may help. Other treatments include hormones and surgery.

Common disease condition affecting uterus and its homoeopathic management

Uterine fibroid

Endometriosis

Uterine cancer

Uterine fibroid

(Also known as uterine leiomyoma, myoma, fibromyoma, fibroleiomyoma) is a leiomyoma (benign tumor from smooth muscle tissue) that originates from the smooth muscle layer (myometrium) of the uterus. Fibroids are often multiple and if the uterus contains too many leiomyomata to count, it is referred to as diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis. The malignant version of a fibroid is extremely uncommon and termed a leiomyosarcoma.

Signs and symptoms of uterine fibroid  

Symptoms depend on the number of fibroids, their size and location in the uterus. Many fibroids cause no symptoms.

The signs and symptoms of uterine fibroids may include:

·         abnormal vaginal bleeding

·         change in bladder habits

·         constipation

·         lower abdominal pain or pressure

Important symptoms include abnormal gynecologic hemorrhage, heavy or painful periods, abdominal discomfort or bloating, painful defecation, back ache, urinary frequency or retention, and in some cases, infertility. There may also be pain during intercourse, depending on the location of the fibroid. During pregnancy they may also be the cause of miscarriage, bleeding, premature labor, or interference with the position of the fetus.

Note: Gynecologic hemorrhage= represents excessive bleeding of the female reproductive system. Such bleeding could be visible or external, namely bleeding from the vagina, or it could be internal into the pelvic cavity or form a hematoma. Normal menstruation is not considered a gynecologic hemorrhage, as it is not excessive. Hemorrhage associated with a pregnant state or during delivery is an obstetrical hemorrhage.

DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

If the signs and symptoms of uterine fibroids are present, or if the doctor suspects uterine fibroids, tests will be done to make a diagnosis. Tests may include:

• pelvic examination

• transvaginal or pelvic ultrasound

• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

• endometrial biopsy

• hysteroscopy

Homoeopathic management of uterine fibroid our clinic

A HOMOEOPATHIC BOOK CALLED SYNTHESIS REPERTORY mentions in female genitalia chapter, under uterus myoma around 93 remedies. We manage cases based on totality of symptoms of the patient. If however the fibroid is very large then surgery is good option.

In our clinic we manage Uterine fibroid considering wholistic aspect of the patient and their food habits, life style, psychological set up which all contribute to fibroids.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is an often painful disorder in which tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus — the endometrium — grows outside your uterus (endometrial implant). Endometriosis most commonly involves your ovaries, bowel or the tissue lining your pelvis. Rarely, endometrial tissue may spread beyond your pelvic region. In endometriosis, displaced endometrial tissue continues to act as it normally would — it thickens, breaks down and bleeds with each menstrual cycle. Because this displaced tissue has no way to exit your body, it becomes trapped. When endometriosis involves the ovaries, cysts called endometriomas may form. Surrounding tissue can become irritated, eventually developing scar tissue and adhesions — abnormal tissue that binds organs together.

Endometriosis occurs when these cells grow outside the uterus in other parts of your body. This tissue may attach on your:

Ovaries
Bowel
Rectum
Bladder
Lining of your pelvic area

It can grow in other areas of the body, too.

You are more likely to develop endometriosis if you:

Have a mother or sister with endometriosis

Started your period at a young age

Never had children

Have frequent periods or they last 7 or more days

Have a closed hymen, which blocks the flow of menstrual blood during the period

The signs and symptoms of endometriosis may include:

Common signs and symptoms of endometriosis may include:

·       Painful periods (dysmenorrhea). Pelvic pain and cramping may begin before and extend several days into your period and may include lower back and abdominal pain.

·         Pain with intercourse. Pain during or after sex is common with endometriosis.

·   Pain with bowel movements or urination. You're most likely to experience these symptoms during your period.

·      Excessive bleeding. You may experience occasional heavy periods (menorrhagia) or bleeding between periods (menometrorrhagia).

·     Infertility. Endometriosis is first diagnosed in some women who are seeking treatment for infertility. Endometriosis can sometimes damage the fallopian tubes or ovaries, causing fertility problems, although it is estimated that up to 70% of women with mild to moderate endometriosis will eventually be able to get pregnant without treatment.

·       Other symptoms. You may also experience fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating or nausea, especially during menstrual periods.

Adhesions and ovarian cysts

NOTE PAIN

pelvic pain that is worse just before menstruation begins and improves at the end of the period

with sexual intercourse

Lower back, abdomen and buttocks. Pain in your lower belly before and during your period

with urination or defecation Pain with bowel movements

DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

Your health care provider will perform a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. You may have one of these tests to help diagnose the disease:

Transvaginal ultrasound

Homoeopathic management of Endometri-osis in our clinic